South Korean men lead the world's male beauty market. Will the West ever follow suit?

South Korean men have long embraced beauty products deemed

unmarketable to their Western counterparts. Over the past decade,

they have become the world's biggest male spenders on skincare,

a market that grew by 44% in the country between 2011 and 2017,

according to Euro-monitor.

 South Korean men have long embraced beauty products deemed unmarketble to their Western counterparts. Credit: Kim Taehwan

This figure is even higher for Generation Z respondents, with 58% of those

born after 2000 saying they pamper themselves with "lengthy" beauty or

grooming treatments at least once per week, compared to 34% of South

Korean men overall.

This phenomenon can be explained in part by the influence of K-pop,

according to Roald Maliangkay, director of the Korea Institute at The

Australian National University.

Actor Lee Dong-wook poses for Boy de Chanel

"I am struck by how many local young men are now emulating the look

typical of Korean male idols," he said in an email describing a recent visit to

Seoul's old city center district, Myeongdong. "I saw many men in sharply

cut outfits with perfectly groomed dyed hair and double eyelids (as a result

of cosmetic surgery), and I even noticed a few men wearing some light

makeup."

The trend may also result from pressure on men to compete in a tough job

market, according to James Turnbull, a writer and lecturer based in the city

of Busan, South Korea, who specializes in Korean feminism and popular

culture.

"In this cut-throat environment, 20- and 30-somethings are all about

improving their 'specs' with extra degrees, courses, internships, English

-language qualifications and so on, and the beauty industry has been quick

to address the need to get a step up on the competition through one's

looks too," Turnbull said in an email, adding that Korean companies

routinely ask job applicants for photographs on their resumes.

Reaction to machismo

The origins of South Korea's male beauty obsession may be more complex,

however. Maliangkay's  2010 study "The effeminacy of male beauty in

Korea" highlights an alternative theory (proposed by Turnbull): that the

rejection of traditional masculinity was in fact led by women as a backlash

against severe gender inequality.

One of the main catalysts, the paper argues, was the 1997 Asian financial

crisis (known in South Korea as the "IMF crisis"). Unemployment across

the country rose, but figures show that women were disproportionately

affected.

In the year following the crash, female employment fell by 8.2 percent,

almost 3 percentage points more than the equivalent figure for men.

Resentment over this and other workplace inequalities, as well as the rise

of literature and film questioning traditional gender roles, led women to

seek out softer male figures who, as Malingkay writes, "had the potential to

make the opposite sex feel more powerful."

But men may have been complicit in this shift, Maliangkay suggested. 

"Today's (male) students, after all, are less likely to find much appeal in the

macho type that for decades dominated in popular entertainment," he

wrote in the paper. "Those tough men usually had no chance of going to

university and/or of leading normal, quiet lives. Instead, they were forced to

show their grit as soldiers, gangsters or policemen, often sorting out

differences through violent means, while appearing fragile only in their

inability to express their feelings in words."

A new breed of "kkotminam" (Korean for "flower boys") has helped reshape masculinity in a culture that still values tradition -- even when it comes to gender roles

Maliangkay told CNN that he no longer uses the word "effeminate" when

discussing the male beauty phenomenon.

"It may appear as 'effeminate' to non-Koreans, but it's probably better

described differently," he explained. "To Koreans, for example, someone

who fits the ideal can certainly still be considered very macho. While many

Koreans will continue to find, for example, applying makeup a little odd for

men, they will not associate that with any effeminacy per se." 

Katherine Spowart, who runs the beauty blog SkinfullofSeoul, stressed that

Korean men still face specific social pressures: "Male beauty is generally

much more accepted as a concept in South Korea, but it doesn't relieve

each gender of their traditional roles in mainstream culture," she said in an

email.

"Gender roles are still fairly rigid, sexual choices other than heterosexuality

are generally not talked about, and it's a patriarchal culture."

Trend spreading west?

Some beauty brands are betting on Western men joining the pursuit of

perfect brows and flawless skin. In September, Chanel released Boy de

Chanel, its first cosmetics range for men. The line features eight shades of

tinted foundation, a two-in-one brow pencil and brush, and a transparent

matte lip balm. Aiming to "write the vocabulary of a new personal aesthetic

for men," the French house piloted the collection in South Korea before

making it available online to US shoppers last November.

A model poses for a Boy de Chanel, Chanel's first makeup line for men

But there are still huge challenges for beauty brands intending to woo men,

according to David Yi, founder of the US-based male beauty blog Very

Good Light.

"There are still many, many years until makeup becomes widely accepted

in the US," he said in an email interview.

"South Korea is so progressed when it comes to beauty," he added. "They

have a makeup look solely for men that's completely different from women,

which is what K-pop male stars subscribe to."

Besides, in a South Korean context, Boy de Chanel isn't exactly

revolutionary. Yi considers it to be skincare rather than makeup. ("A

foundation or eyebrow pencil is hardly makeup," he explained). 

David Yi, founder of the US-based male beauty blog, Very Good Light

This seems to be Chanel's message too: The fashion house's Instagram

account posted a traditionally masculine model applying the barely-there

foundation to achieve what the campaign describes as a "natural look."

Sarah Lee, co-founder of Glow Recipe, a cult US skincare brand and

retailer of Korean beauty products, thinks male consumers in America

"tend to demand a distinctly masculine set of aesthetics."

"What is most exciting and meaningful about this line (Boy de Chanel) is

that it -- and products like it -- will open up beauty conversations for men

and help to drive visibility and adoption," she said in an email.

Ryan Sim, of the K-beauty blog Ryanraroar, cautiously echoed her optimism.

"I would like to think that the worldview on male beauty has shifted," he

said in an email, "from a face full of colors to a face of confidence." 

Written by : Jessica Rapp, CNN

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